![]() Many verbs with -e- or -o- in the root do not alternate. Additional diphthongizing verbs include acordar(se) (o-ue), divertir(se) (e-ie), doler (o-ue), empezar (-zar e-ie, -ezar), encontrar (o-ue), entender (e-ie), llover (o-ue), morir (o-ue, -morir), mostrar (o-ue), mover (o-ue), poder (o-ue, -poder), probar (o-ue), querer (e-ie, -querer), recordar (o-ue), sentar(se) (e-ie-i), tener (e-ie, -tener, G-Verb), venir (e-ie, -venir, G-Verb), volar (o-ue), and volver (o-ue, -olver). The verbs sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising. Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc. are used, but Spanish Royal Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish. (*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. The following examples show that all three conjugations ( -ar, -er, and -ir verbs) include some diphthongizing verbs (only some tenses and persons are shown, for contrasting purposes): Also, the -ue- diphthong is written -üe- after g, with the diaeresis to indicate that the letter is not silent ( averg onzarse > me averg üenzo) ( reflexive, go-güe -zar). In word-initial position, *ie- is written ye- ( errar > yerro) (e-ie > ye) and *ue- is written hue- ( oler > huele) (o-ue > hue, oler). Exceptionally, the -u- of j ugar (u-ue -gar, -jugar) and the -i- of adqu irir and inqu irir (i-ie) also are subject to diphthongization ( juega, etc. The dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong, because, in the infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. In a diphthongizing verb, the change turns -e- into -ie- and -o- into -ue- when the syllable in question is stressed, which in effect happens only in the singular persons and third-person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative (all other tenses and forms are stressed on their endings, not their stems). Some verbs with -e- or -o- in their stem are inherently diphthongizing, whereas others are not: their identities must be learned individually. s entir, s iente, s intió (e-ie-i**ir) d ormir, d uerme, d urmió) (o-ue-u). Some verbs, in their various forms, can exhibit both kinds of changes (e.g. Vowel raising changes the mid vowels -e- and -o- to the corresponding high vowels: -i- and -u- respectively. Diphthongization changes -e- to -ie-, and -o- to -ue. Both changes affect -e- or -o- in the last (or only) syllable of a verb stem. There are two kinds of changes that can affect stem vowels of some Spanish verbs: diphthongization and vowel raising.
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