Thus, combining those two routes can be promising by incorporating the benefits of both methods in biofuel processing. Meanwhile, the biochemical route has a lengthy cycle period and is less efficient in breaking down recalcitrant biomass materials. The thermochemical methods usually involve a high energy intake along with solvent or catalyst addition. 2020).Ī recent review discussed integrating hydrothermal and biochemical routes in biomass utilisation from a circular bioeconomy approach (Song et al. Various technologies are used to convert biomass into fuel or chemicals, such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and the fermentation processes (Abou Rjeily et al. Biomass is classified as non-lignocellulosic or lignocellulosic in nature and exists in various forms such as woody, herbaceous, aquatic debris, farming manure and by-products and other forms (Osman et al. Thus, it is not feasible to substitute fossil-based fuels with the aforementioned sustainable energy sources hence, biomass utilisation to produce fuel and chemicals is required (Bharti et al. Therefore, the necessary shift for exploring alternative options to overcome the world-scale looming energy crisis, considering the environmental concerns and its mitigation, while confronting the spiralling energy demand has become an urgent need of the hour.īiomass, unlike other sustainable energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, marine and hydropower, can directly produce fuel along with chemicals (Quereshi et al. The depletion of non-renewable fuel sources, accompanied with greenhouse gas emissions, has become a critical issue (Fawzy et al. In recent decades, urbanisation, modernisation and industrialisation linked to energy production and utilisation have been a fundamental loop in various economic, scientific and social sectors (Ahmad Ansari et al. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021 and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. ![]() Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 ☌, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 ☌. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 ☌, and high temperature, higher than 300 ☌, i.e. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. ![]() ![]() The global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels.
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